Reports measurements of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide and droplet nuclei in a climate chamber of 50m3 as indicators of the particulate and gaseous phase of cigarette smoke. Various combinations of smoking intensities andventilation rates between 1 and 16 air changes per hour were investigated partly by a standardized smoking machine procedure and by individual smoking by a panel of four persons.
Reports first report from committee, "Preliminary proposals for measures against radiation risks in dwellings". Notes that prime source of radiation, alum-based lightweight concrete, has been banned in new buildings in Sweden, but is still present in 10%of pre-1975 houses. Provisional limits for gamma radiation for undeveloped sites: 30-100 micro.r/h (site should only be built on subject to other conditions), more than 100 micro.r/h (building inadvisable). suggests that geological radiation maps be charted. Notes reduction in radon content through house ventilation.
Investigation has shown connection between radon content in mines and lung cancer in miners. Radon is also present in building structures. Presents measurements carried out inNorwegian houses and discusses consequences of radiation doses absorbed in human lungs as well as biological effects of background radiation. Diagram illustrates concentration of radon in concrete, brick and wood. Analyses factors which affect radon content, particularly barometric pressure and ventilation rates.
Notes that indoor air can contain between 01 - 100 x 10\9 ppm particles and that sub-micronic particles (1 -100 micro m) dominate. Defines indoor as microbiological laboratories, public buildings including the stations, nurseries, cinemas etc. and dwellings. Lists sources of pollution and tabulates limit values for aerosols noting those which are carcinogenic, absorbed through the skin, allergy-producing. Maximum limits stated are for 15 min/hour exposure rate. Discusses risks involved and how injury can be prevented.
A review of literature reporting investigations of pollution in enclosed spaces. Discusses pollution in sealed environments such as submarines, the relation of indoor to outdoor pollution, sources of indoor pollution, and tobacco-induced pollution. Outlines problem of pollution in transportation- related enclosures such as tunnels, subways and garages. Suggests that indoor pollution in public office buildings is of greater potential harm than outdoor pollution. Gives 18 tables summarising measurements of various indoor pollutants made by different studies.
Reports 100 measurements of formaldehyde content of the indoor atmospheres of 25 rooms in 23 dwellings, mainly in new or recent one-family houses with varying quantities of particle board. The formaldehyde content in the indoor atmosphere averaged 0.63 mg per cubic metre of air with a range from 0.08 to 2.24. concentrations in two rooms were higher than permitted uppervalues for workshops (1.2), in 17 rooms the values were higher than a calculated value for long-term exposure (0.4) and in eight rooms the values were lower than this.
Discusses the problem of increased levels of indoor air pollution due to reduced ventilation. Suggests ways of lowering pollutant concentrations without compromising energy conservation. One promising method is to mechanically ventilate a residence and recover heat from the exhausted air with an air-to-air heat exchanger.
Outlines problem of radon in buildings and current state of knowledge. Suggests reduction of radon by a) more efficient ventilation, b) use of diffusion resistant films to seal wall surfaces and c) elimination of certain active materials. A research project at the Swedish Council for Building Research is currently investigating the problem.
Discusses in detail a general ventilation model, which relates indoor pollutant concentrations to those outside. When the time interval associated with changes in the outdoor concentration islong compared to that required either to change the air within the building or to remove the pollutant by internal means, the indoor concentration of pollutant can be related to the outdoor concentration by means of a simple expression. Finds good agreement between theory and experiment. Suggests method for reducing indoor ozone levels in California.
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