Ventilation and infiltration rates were measured in eight office buildings using an automated tracer-gas measurement system. The buildings range in size from a two-story building with a floor area of about 2000 m2 to a 15-story office building.
Outlines the principles of air flow in buildings: the driving forces of wind and thermal pressure; laminar and turbulent flow; and the effects of the building geometry. Reviews the existing mathematical models of air flow and provides worked examples for a house and a multi-storey building.
States that with improved thermal insulation, ventilation heat losses are becoming increasingly important for the total heat demand of a building, particularly multistorey buildings. Explains how the ventilation heat loss of individual rooms
General principles of air movement around buildings are stated, indicating where windy areas are likely to occur. Case studies are then described in detail, and lessons to be learnt from these are summarised. Descriptions of wind tunnel measurements around simple model buildings are followed by accounts of the use of meteorological wind data and of the effects of wind on people. A method of predicting wind conditions around a building is developed. Some notes on wind tunnel investigations are given.
Describes wind tunnel experiments on 3-dimensional flow around whole building formations. The pressure distribution on an isolated building with flow over the whole angular range was investigated. This was followed by examination of interference between high buildings of unequal height.
A study was conducted to determine the air leakage rates in Skymark 1, a high rise condominium in Toronto, particularly air leakage rates of the exterior walls of "Florida Rooms" which were constructed by the enclosure of original open balconies.
A study has been made, both experimentally and analytically, of the characteristics of thermal performance of high-rise buildings using an idealized model building with a number of openings at various locations and temperature distributions. The building was assumed to have no internal partitions. The effect of the factors affecting the location of the neutral pressure level was of particular interest.
Based on current concerns regarding indoor air quality and energy use, there is a need for in situ techniques for evaluating buildings' infiltration and ventilation characteristics. The U.S. National Bureau of Standards has developed and employed equipment and techniques for such evaluation. The measurement of whole building leakage and ventilation rates has been reported on previously. Additional procedures are presented here for a more complete evaluation of the ventilation system operation and the distribution of air within the building.
The typical infiltration load for a residential building has been found to range from one-third to one-half of the total space conditioning load. However, most infiltration measurements have been made on single-family houses.
Smoke control makes use of mechanical fans to produce airflows and pressure differences to control smoke movement. Describes one day of tests of the smoke control systems at the 6-storey VA hospital, San Diego, California.
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