Passivehouses in Europe with a specific energyrequirement of less than 30kWh/(m2a) total for heating, tap warm water, ventilation and household electricity have been realized in Darmstadt, FRG. Four families live in the dwellings with extreme thermal insulation, heat recovery and optimized use of passive solar energy. The measurement program includes more than 200 sensors; temperatures, comfort, energy flows, air flows and indoor air quality are monitored. With dynamic simulation comprising about 2000 cases of alternative design of the building components the project was optimized.
The Norwegian solar low energy dwelling developed within Task 13 of the International Energy Agency's Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, is a two-storey row house apartment of approximately 120 m2 floor area. The IEA dwelling is being constructed at Hamar, 120 km north of Oslo, and it will be used for media personel lodging during the Winter Olympics in 1994. The IEA dwelling will be superinsulated, with U-values of 0.11, 0.14, and 0.13 W/m2.K for roof, walls and floor respectively.
Two identical apartment buildings were built, one in Germany, and one in Sweden, in 1986. The idea was to create energy efficient housing at a low cost, using Swedish building technology and German heating and ventilation technology. The Swedish building code, which is more stringent in terms of energy conservation than the German one, was applied in both countries. The paper examines the performance of the buildings.
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