Achieving suitable airflow rate in New Zealand classrooms: a CFD approach to inform on potential retrofitting solutions

During the COVID-19 pandemic, besides sanitising, masking, and increasing social distancing, opening classroom windows was the NZ Ministry of Education's main requirement for reopening schools. However, a pre-COVID-19 survey showed that only a third of the NZ teachers opened windows during teaching time. Achieving a suitable ventilation level could not rely on humans to open windows. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are not affordable for most NZ schools.

Using trickle ventilators coupled to fan extractors to achieve a suitable airflow rate in an Australian apartment: a CFD modelling approach

The level of airtightness is increasing in newly built Australian apartments. An appropriate ventilation rate is needed to provide occupants with a healthy environment. In 2022, a significant proposed change in the Australian National Construction Code (NCC) would require building tested as achieving less than five air changes per hour at 50Pa to have a continuous flow exhaust.