When indoor air concentrations from indoor combustion processes are estimated, source strengths and ventilation rates are usually considered. Recent studies, conducted in the Energy Research House at Iowa State University, indicate that seve
Based on the age concept, the performance of the following three principle ventilation schemes have been monitored (supply air terminal - extract air terminal), ceiling-ceiling, ceiling-floor, floor-ceiling. All systems used only air for both heating and cooling. Contaminants with both greater, less and approximately the same density as air were released at a point source. The tests were both carried out in an empty room and with a person (heated mannekin) in the room.
The indoor air quality depends on several different factors. One is the air flow or air movements within the building and through its external walls. These flows are governed by the type of leakage openings and the pressure differences across the walls and the air terminal devices. The pressure differences are caused by wind, thermal and fan forces. Mathematical models can be used to calculate the different air flow rates. A simple example is used to demonstrate magnitude and consequences of this air leakage for two different ventilation systems.
The paper shows that age analysing techniques are an excellent tool to assess ventilation effectiveness. It is important to differentiate between air exchange effectiveness and contaminant removal effectiveness, having continuous generation of contaminants. Only when a source is homogeneous andpassive, are the age of the air and the contaminants in the room equal. However, the air exchange effectiveness accounts for the removal effectiveness of the contaminant left in the room when the generation stops.
A general multi-chamber model is presented and explored from the viewpoint of air quality studies. The model involves the following key concepts: purging flow rate and age distribution of both air and contaminants. From the physical and mathematical properties of the model, are deduced estimates of themagnitude of, and the relations between, the key concepts. The practical use of the model is illustrated.
An accurate determination of air renewal rate and connective exchanges between units was needed for study of the solar units of the experimental building LESO, in both an occupied and empty state. The CESAR compact equipment for tracer gas (nitrous oxide) measurement was developed. This unit uses a microcomputer to perform a simultaneous and periodical gas analysis in 10 locations. Three tracer gas methods can be used: decay, constant concentration, and continuous flow. The device and regulating program work well with low rates of concentration (100ppm of nitrous oxide).
In countries such as the United Kingdom that possess a temperate climate, the majority of buildings are not air-conditioned but depend upon natural ventilation and relatively simple heating systems. Openable windows are used to reduce the in
This report discusses the extension of an infiltration predicting technique to the prediction of interroom air movements. The airflow through openings is computed from the ASHRAE crack method together with a mass balance in each room. Simulta
A survey of literature on the theory and practice of residential ventilation. The three main topics are ventilation needs, air movement in buildings, and the properties of ventilation systems. The ventilation need under winter conditions is estimated at 0.35 l/s m2 or, for a dwelling with kitchen and bath, 35 l/s. In fact, ventilation requirements are not constant but it is difficult to find a formula covering the various considerations.
This paper explains the physics of air flow patterns, the aerodynamics of buildings and their implications for effective ventilation. Ventilation influenced design strategies of sunshading, daylighting and landscaping are discussed.
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