Since 1974 the french Authorities have insisted on energy being saved in all buildings. There was very strong pressure on manufacturers to obtain better sealed window frames . In practise less than two or three meters cubed per hour at a pressure of ten pascals penetrates. Also television campaigns have insisted on weather stripping all windows and window frames in all old buildings. The result of these campaigns is that all buildings with no or natural ventilation systems actually have indoor condensation problems.
For optimum building design it is of importance to investigate the comfort and the energy conservation obtained with different types of ventilation systems and levels of airtightness of buildings. This could be achieved by aid of computer models based on full-scale and model measurements. In order to obtain experimental data as input data to such a computer model, an experimental, detached one-family house has been built near to Gothenburg on the Swedish west coast.
The purpose of the project has been to determine the saving in energy obtained in the practical operation of an FTX-system -that is, a fan-controlled supply and exhaust ventilation system with heat recovery - compared to an F-system, which is solely a fancontrolled exhaust system. The investigation, carried out in a terrace-house district in Skellefteg, showed the following savings for the FTX-systems in comparison with the F-systems: in 1-storey houses (81 m², airtightness approx. 1): appr. 1000 kWh/year in 2-storey houses (99.5 m², airtightness approx. 3) : appr. 1250 kWk/year.
Reviews the present state of development of dynamic insulation systems. Describes the advantages and disadvantages and assesses probable applications. Earlier articles and reports on dynamic insulation are listed and commented on. The second part deals with the ventilation design aspects for practical application of dynamic insulation in buildings. One of the points is concerned with how the air flow through the insulation is affected by changing external climate conditions. The risks of condensation in the insulation, particularly with coincident flow systems, is discussed.
Summarises in tables the energy consumptions of a block of flats and a single house demonstrating how the share of energy consumed for fresh air heating and domestic hot water supply increases significantly in line with improved thermal insulation.
Describes the pollutant burdens on indoor air. Notes heat exchanges by air renewal and associated heat losses. Examines how to determine the required air change rate. Lists the minimum air changes for various types of building with and without smoking. Treats air infiltration. Considers how to reduce losses with air renewal by weather stripping, special air inlets, reduction of the indoor air temperature, heat recovery with controlled mechanical ventilation, heat pumps and heat pipes.
Tests a room-size, residential air-to-air heat exchanger for effectiveness of heat recovery. Conducts experiments in a small wood frame building, the Test Chamber, on the roof of the lab building. Determines heat recovery efficiency by comparing actual heat loss to that expected due to mechanically induced ventilation. The heat exchanger recovers almost 50% of the heat contained in the outgoing air flow. Additional experiments quantify effects of fan power consumption and heat conduction through the case of the device.
Briefly describes the new DIF standard for ventilation plants and the Danish standard DS 447. Discusses the relationship between heating and ventilation. Mentions heat recovery and problems encountered in ventilating swimming halls.
Treats the relation between transmission heat loss and ventilation heat loss of buildings. Notes normal methods of fresh air ventilation of dwellings and problems arising with buildings being made increasingly airtight so that air infiltration is greatly reduced with consequent condensation and lack of maintenance of minimum hygiene standards. Illustrates and discusses possible future ventilation systems including mechanical supply and extract ventilation systems incorporating heat recovery systems. Illustrates several alternatives diagramatically.
Provides results of research in Switzerland into window ventilation in typical rented dwellings as a function of outdoor climate, and the research support activities of the Air Infiltration Centre in the UK funded by the International Energy Agency. Describes in particular the creation of an air infiltration database, the comparison and validation of computer models of air infiltration, the development of a reporting format for measurement of air change in buildings, and the compilation of a glossary of technical terms.
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