Ventilation and air exchange in buildings and industrial plants can be induced by external winds and by buoyancy forces. The dependence of the air exchange and heat transfer on a large number of factors, including the detailed configuration of the building and surroundings makes an analytical or numerical analysis of practical design problems impractical, particularly when both the buoyancy and the wind-induced pressures are of the same order of magnitude.
This paper discusses the situation in the Netherlands with respect to air tightness of dwellings and reflects discussions about this in the Dutch Standard Committee on Air Tightness of Buildings. Results of measurements and calculations are given and the considerations of different groups in thediscussion are included. Finally an attempt is made to produce a model for the prediction of air flow rates, infiltration losses and seasonal gas consumption on the basis of air leakage measurements.
Investigates the generation of pollutants from unvented convective and radiant kerosene heaters in a residence over a 3 month period. The measured concentrations of carbon monoxide were low. However, under the conditions of use which were studied concentrations of SO2, NO, NO2, and CO2 reached or exceeded levels recommended for indoor air. Further, it was demonstrated that using a semi-open door to provide ventilation did not reduce concentrations of pollutants to acceptable levels.
One option of reducing residential energy consumption is to improve air tightness but adequate ventilation must be provided for health reasons. Sources of infiltration and factors affecting infiltration rates are described, with methods for quantifying and comparing rates. The relationship with air quality is explained and the effect that air quality has on respiration and health. Typical indoor pollutants are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, radon and radon progeny, formaldehyde gas, particulates, tobacco smoke and odours.
Describes measurements made in a real factory building and comparisons with the scale model tests presented in the previous report. The ventilation system of the factory building is a mechanical one with the necessary rate of ventilation designed to be less than that calculated by the conventional method. The parameters studied included air velocities measured with hotwire anemometers at the inlet openings and the temperatures in the work hall itself measured from a crane.
Examines the effects of smoking rate, ventilation, surface deposition, and air cleaning on the indoor concentrations of respirable particulate matter and carbon monoxide generated by cigarette smoke. A general mass balance model is presented which has been extended to include the concept of ventilation efficiency. Following a review of the source and removal terms associated with respirable particulates and carbon monoxide, we compare model predictions to various health guidelines.
Notes that moisture problems could arise with improvements to thermal insulation of buildings. In addition indoor radon levels could rise. Considers the choice of heating system. Compares total costs of alternative systems. Treats the effects of increased insulation on internal environments. Identifies moisture sources. Stresses this should be regarded as only a limited guideline and that there is a need to ascertain the heat and mass transfer behaviours of building materials, particularly those that affect prediction of the transient behaviour.
The R-values of permeable insulation systems are generally determined in test apparatus designed to assure one-dimensional heat transfer and to assure no air intrusion effects. Such classical R-values are used to help describe insitu heat-tra
Simulation methods and test results are presented here to confirm projections of actual total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration levels for representative office buildings, with particular emphasis on the 0.3 to 5 micron particulate si
The quantity of air in several rooms lying in a stack connected by means of fresh air and exhaust air ducts is considered as a simple model of amultistorey building. Negative pressures set up within the rooms can be equalised by adjusting the
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