The new perspective technology in building heat supply and climatisation, are given in this paper. The main energy-saving solutions are following: architectural and layout design taking into account the influence of solar radiation and wind direction; high thermal insulation of building envelope and glazing; mechanical supply-and-exhaust ventilation systems for each flat; Ground heat and exhaust air heat recovery for hot water supply; doublepipe heating system for each flat, horizontal, equipped with flat heat meters and thermostatic valves installed at each room heater.
Historically, industrial buildings have been simple constructions with no insulation. Ventilation has been natural through openings in the walls and in the roof. Around 1970 we started investigating airflows in large industrial premises by water model studies. This lead to a better understanding of the ventilation airflow patterns in heavy industries. In the following years, the principles were applied in practice. At the present, more than 30 large plants have been designed according to these principles and valuable experience has been gained.
An evaluation of different ventilation principles and their application in various premises like bars and restaurants has been conducted. Measurements of nicotine concentrations revealed a strong dependency on ventilation solutions. In restaurants and bars where the ventilation systems are properly designed it is possible to fulfill requirements issued by the Norwegian authorities.
The objective of this study has been to clarify to what extent ozone (O3) and O3 /limonene in interaction with surface materials has an impact on the indoor air quality in typical low-polluting offices at realistic outdoor air change rates. Three similar offices furnished with the same materials and ventilated with charcoal filtered outdoor air were used in the study. Eight environmental conditions with different realistic combinations of air change rate, O3 and limonene levels were studied.
A 64 page guide on building-integrated ventilation solutions has just been published in Norway. It is the culmination of 4 years of evaluation and experience from modern buildings, mainly schools with different forms of building-integrated ventilation systems.
This guide gives tentative conclusions about alternative system designs.
CEN/STAR establishes needs for co-normative and pre-normative research in support to CEN standardization. A workshop took place in CETIAT (France) on 23-24 january 2003, its aim was to provide an overview of the trends of research and future standardization for HVAC appliances and to define the needs for pre-normative or co-normative research and interaction with standardization works.
The aim of ventilation for commercial kitchens is capturing fumes and odours, providing fire protection measures and insuring comfort. But the technologies concerning extraction and introduction of fresh air are not numerous.In this article, the author explains how difficult are the dimensioning of the equipment and the calculation of the airflow to extract.The author also refers to guide and regulations related to commercial kitchens.
This article discusses how to integrate all air-to-air devices into an HVAC system that may contain one or more air-to-air exchangers as well as conventional components for ventilation and comfort control.HVAC systems with air-to-air exchangers need to be carefully designed for the location of each device in the system, with the winter and summer design performance of each device and the total annual energy saved by the HVAC system.
A good indoor air quality is necessary to minimize exposure to airborne pollutants. The main source of those pollutants is often outdoor air. Ventilation and air filtration are the main solutions to reduce them.The aim of that study was to investigate the effects of air ventilation and filtration on submicrometer particle concentrations indoors thanks to a simple one zone mathematical model that simulates the time evolution of particle concentrations indoors.
Maintenance of air-conditioning systems is acknowledged as an important means to run HVAC-systems properly. Although several maintenance programs and standards exist, not many systems are maintained in a proper way. Most standards and programs are not concerned with the indoor environment, they are only concerned with repair and failure-response of system components. Just now, some new guidelines come out in Europe, which contains first definition of cleanliness.
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