English

Describes the microbioligic surveillance of the central air handling systems in a hospital, prompted by an increase in the rates of nosocomial infection caused by filamentous fungi in immunocompromised patients. Heavy contamination by Penicillium was found in ventilation ducts and terminal unit lined with fiberglass in the operating room air handling system, as well as Aspergillus species. The contamination was corrected using filter replacement and decontamination with aerosolized chlorine solution.

A children's day care centre in Finland was the site of a study on the effect of ventilation and air filtration systems on indoor air quality. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO, NO2, TSP and PM10 were measured using automatic nitrogen oxide analysers and dust monitoring. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from traffic penetrated easily in the absence of filters.50%-70% of nitrogen oxides were excluded with chemical filtration. At holidays and weekends, the particle levels fell less than 10% of the outdoor level, rising to 25% on weekdays.

Describes a new method used to measure the amount of outdoor air supplied to individual building occupants, under field conditions. The method includes factors associated with office design. It is based on the measurement of the constant release of tracer gas into the outdoor air in the ventilation system. The obtained values are termed outdoor air supply indexes (OASIs). States that the type of diffuser, office, partition and return air inlet and their position relative to each other can have a considerable effect on the amount of outdoor air received at individual work stations.

Describes a study carried out in order to examine the relationships between the ventilation rate and the type of ventilation system on one hand, and objective nasal measures on the other. The method was to carry out a standardised investigation which included acoustic rhinometry and nasal lavage at a school. 279 persons at 12 primary schools in Sweden were invited and 84% participated.

The effect of exposure to different types of ventilation were examined using a cross-sectional study, which took into account indoor environmental measurements of major contaminants and aeroallergens. The study selected three buildings ventilated with heating, ventilating and air conditioning, fan coil units and natural ventilation. Questionnaire were answered by 1144 employees. Found that HVAC and FCU systems were related to a marginally higher risk of non-specific symptoms compared with natural ventilation.

Describes a pilot study conducted to test whether increased levels of indoor air pollutants in schools are linked to a swelling in the nasal mucosa. Fifteen subjects were studied at a school with low air exchange rate, and twelve at a school with high air exchange rate. States that absolute values of the minimal cross-sectional area were lower in the school with poor ventilation.

An investigation was performed on the indoor and outdoor air quality of fourteen public places in Hong Kong with mechanical ventilation. They included restaurants, libraries, recreation places, shopping malls, sports centres and a car park. Pollutant concentrations were measured during peak traffic hours at each sampling location. States that the results showed that the indoor/outdoor ratios at public places were higher than those at home and offices.

A model-based technique is described to raise the level of sophistication of building automation systems (BAS). Models are derived using stochastic multivariable identification, and describe the behaviour of air temperature and relative humidity in a full-scale office zone equipped with a dedicated heating, ventilating and air conditioning plant. The models give good accuracy. Investigates the usefulness of the models for facilities management. The 'temperature' model demonstrated substantial improvement of temperature regulation and reduction of energy consumption.

'Fan in wall' is a new ventilation system under investigation for hot and humid climate to assist natural ventilation. Temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and thermal radiation affect thermal comfort of a person in hot climate. Installation of an air conditioner reduces air temperature and relative humidity to reach a certain level of thermal comfort. Under favourable conditions, increasing air velocity at unchanged temperature and humidity can result in the same perception of thermal comfort.

An experimental study of the thermal performance of an air flow window with triple glazing is described. The measurements were carried out in a climatic chamber under conditions close to a winter season. In the experiments, the temperature and heat-flux distributions on each pane surface, and also the air temperature distribution over the window height at the middle of the ventilated cavity were determined. The thermal performances of forced and naturally ventilated windows with internal cavities of various thicknesses are reported for a wide range of air flow rates.