Computer-based control systems have been widely used for controlling air-conditioning systems in commercial buildings. Computer-based control technology can increase control accuracy and can implement various sophisticated control strategies so that building energy consumption can be reduced. The problem is not how to implement a control strategy, but which control strategy should be used to control air-conditioning systems in commercial buildings.
Intermittent heating patterns, characteristic of Israel and other countries with a mild winter enable energy · conservation at the expense of very high peak energy consumption; · very low levels of thermal comfort; and surface condensation and mould growth problems. The paper summarizes a research project which included analysis of total daily energy consumption, partial energy during evening (peak) hours, weighted cost of total energy, improved thermal comfort, internal surface temperatures -of the external envelope, and surface temperatures of partitions.
Two identical apartment buildings were built, one in Germany, and one in Sweden, in 1986. The idea was to create energy efficient housing at a low cost, using Swedish building technology and German heating and ventilation technology. The Swedish building code, which is more stringent in terms of energy conservation than the German one, was applied in both countries. The paper examines the performance of the buildings.
The computer model SIN-BIP is built as a combined model that can calculate energy consumption, price and environmental load for a building to get an energy efficient building. The program has a database with information of price, thermal conductivity, moisture conductivity, energy content and CO2-emission for materials. On the basis of this information can the program calculate for each construction, the U-value, the moisture resistance (and if there is condensation), the price, the energy used for producing the material and the environmental load from CO2-emission at the production.
The large number of innovative energy concepts which have been elaborated today to the stage of practicability open up new opportunities for contemporary architectural design. Energy concepts which pursue the aim of making optimum use of every available energy potential make the building itself an essential component of the basic energy logistics.
Sunlight from above can enliven a house dramatically. Designers, builders and homeowners who understand the energy aspects of skylights can best select them for comfort as well as appearance.
When an underground parking place is not ventilated frequently enough, it is natural that the concentration of contaminated air cannot be lowered to less than the safety limit. Further, when the supply or exhaust air is not of laminar flow, the contaminated air concentration will increase locally due to stagnation of contaminated air or due to vorticies generated in that place, even with a sufficient number of times of ventilation per unit time.
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