Person-equivalent flames are used to test the performance of ventilation taking account of human occupancy. The resulting carbon dioxide concentration is measured. Standardised bottle gas burners were found to be the most suitable gas sources. Candles were also examined and standardised for thepurpose. Possible risks are also discussed.
Direct gas fired heated make-up air is used in industrial buildings to replace exhausted air and to achieve a comfortable temperature while avoiding draughts. This study presents the results of an investigation of the pollution from such a system under different conditions.
The sink or removal rates for two reactive indoor air contaminants (NO2 and SO2) were evaluated in an environmental chamber as a function of material type (painted sheetrock, wallpaper and carpeting), variable surface area of the material, relative humidity and air mixing. Sink rates for SO2 are generally higher than those for NO2. The sink rates for NO2 and SO2 were found to increase with material surface roughness and material surface area. Increases in relative humidity had a pronounced positive impact on SO2 sink rates and a smaller but significant impact on NO2 sink rates.
The influence of air change and ageing on emissions from 5 different building materials were studied. It was concluded that increasing the air change rate in a rather leaky house was of practically no importance in preventing problems caused by emissions. It was also assumed that a reduction of the air change rate in a tight house may result in a considerable increase in the concentration of substances in the room air. For all 5 materials, the emission rate decreases with time.
General principles of air movement around buildings are stated, indicating where windy areas are likely to occur. Case studies are then described in detail, and lessons to be learnt from these are summarised. Descriptions of wind tunnel measurements around simple model buildings are followed by accounts of the use of meteorological wind data and of the effects of wind on people. A method of predicting wind conditions around a building is developed. Some notes on wind tunnel investigations are given.
Covers indoor pollutant levels and their health effects in humans and animals for five principal classes of pollutant: radon, microorganisms, passive cigarette smoke, combustion products, and organic compounds. They are examined from viewpoints such as measurement and source characterisation habitat studies, health effects, risk analysis, and future needs.
Operation of an unvented combustion appliance indoors can elevate pollutant concentrations. Under laboratory conditions, oxygen consumption rates and pollutant emission rates of CO, CO2, NO, NO2, HCHO and submicron suspended particles emitted
A research project by the Energy Division is underway to develop and demonstrate appropriate construction techniques for superinsulation (SI) residential construction in Minnesota. Techniques applicable for both new and retrofit SI constructi
This wind tunnel investigation studies the effects of surrounding buildings on the wind pressure distribution over a 1 1/2-storey single-family house. Pressure coefficients obtained in the tests have been used for the calculation of air change rates and associated heat losses from the house for a range of wind speeds and internal-external temperature differences. For these calculations leakage areas in the building envelope have been assumed to be uniformly distributed.
Sixty five houses in Ontario, Canada, were air tightened with the aid of fan depressurization. The average percentage reduction equivalent leakage area for all houses was 36%. An improvement in comfort was noted. No significant changes occurred in the overall number of moisture problems but there was a definite change in the type of problem. The net fuel reduction for the total sample was 4.8%.
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