English

Although there has been an increasing use of wind-tunnel tests on models to examine the structure of wind around buildings, there has been surprisingly little research into the correlation between the results of such studies andthe wind pattern around the full scale structures. This report gives the results of a comparison between the wind flow about a relatively open area of the city of Liverpool, as measured by the relative exposures of twelve field anemometers, and the flow observed in a 1:500 scale model of the same area immersed in a profiled, turbulent, wind tunnel flow.

In this paper it is our intention to consider that ventilation is the circulation or passage of an air supply through an enclosure resulting in the displacement of some or all of the air contained in that enclosure by thesupply air. Depending on the character and condition of the supply air it can dilute or change the quality of the air in an enclosure as well as alter its temperature and humidity. A mathematical analysis of the ventilation process appears later in this paper.

This paper describes the experimental techniques devised to measure the necessary parameters on installed heating systems. With these data the seasonal performance of a heating system can be computed. The effectiveness of various operating and system modifications can then be predicted. Thecalculated effects of some modifications are presented in a companion paper.

The effect of ventilation in the space between a main wall and an exterior siding is examined with respect to reducing the building's cooling load. The buoyant force of the air in the space is considered as the motive force of air flow and the effect is treated as a problem of simultaneous heat and mass-transfer. A simulation program of heat and air flows in a wall has been developed using laminar flow theory, and its validity is examined by thecomparison of the simulation results with a weather exposed full-scale model test.

Air infiltration rates are important in determining greenhouse heating requirements. Design recommendations usually suggest one to two complete air exchanges per hour under calm conditions. Tests made in 10 commercial ranges showed no greenhouse in excess of one exchange per hour, with one as low as 0.34 per hour, and an average of 0.56. However, additional tests at CSU showed marked variation, depending upon greenhouse size and heating methods, as well as type of structure and outside wind velocity.

Domestic demands account for about 40% of total energy supplies in Sweden. This article reviews research by the Building Technology Division of the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology over many years into the thermal behavior of houses. It highlights the importance of effective insulation and of solar heat gains in particular situations, entailing modifications to conventional design calculations.

Reviews some of the results of the project "The requirement-adapted ventilation system", which is part of an extensive research project "Indoor air quality and ventilation requirements" begun in Finland in 1983. Deals with the results of field measurements in which the relationship between CO2, particles and combustible gases in various buildings were measured and analysed. Also presents results of tests with an air quality-controlled ventilation system in one building.

In this paper, the statistical concepts of the stationary time series are used to determine the response of a simple structure to a turbulent, gusty wind. 

This paper describes part of a research on the influence of environment on physiological reactions and thermal comfort. Experimental rooms and apparatus are described and the imperfections in some of the instrumental methods - especially in respect to the measurement of air change by tracer substances - are noted. A brief description of a method to measure air change is givenin which CO2 is used. The importance of limiting the rate of air change in rooms heated by fires - as a means to save heat - is stressed.