This paper offers reference data for the study and design of tall residential buildings with atrium in cold winter and hot summers areas. A questionnaire survey was carried out by the authors, their analysis and results are presented.
A new formula is proposed for expressing a whole body thermal comfort , in a siiting posture, in a non-uniform thermal environment. Their formula is applicable under conditions that involve various types of clothing and various air velocities .
In order to detect thermal environment and comfort in trains, a field survey was carried out in 2004. The results show that outdoor air, temperature, humidity and clothing are the major factors that influence passenger's thermal sensation in trains.
This paper introduces the theory and the application of the wavelet transform method to the study of fluctuating characteristics of airflows in building environments.
The aim of this paper is to sum up the investigations on human responses to transient thermal environment and to predict the possibility of using the findings in practice.
Japanese government recommends to keep as effort for energy conservation, an office temperature setting of 28°C. in summer. But economic effects and office worker's productivity must be considered. Subjective experiments on the effect of moderately high
The wind shadow model has been developed to calculate the wind sheltering effects of upwind obstacles for air infiltration calculations. This effect must be determined for infiltration calculations because, in almost all situations, only the unobstructed mean wind speed is known for a building site. This model has adapted the theoretical calculation procedures developed for far wake centreline velocity deficit calculations to near field flows, where shelter has a significant effect.
Forced air distribution systems can have a significant impact on the energy consumed in residences. It is common practice in U.S. residential buildings to place such duct systems outside the conditioned space. This results in the loss of energy by leakage and conduction to the surroundings. In order to estimate the magnitudes of these losses, 24 houses in the Sacramento, California, area were tested before and after duct retrofitting. The systems in these houses included conventional air conditioning, gas furnaces, electric furnaces and heat pumps.
The European Energy Performance in Building Directive (EPBD) requires methods for the calculation of the energy performance for use in the context of building regulations.The European Commission has supplied a Mandate (M343,2004) to CEN to develop a series of standards, each covering a part of the calculation of the energy performance of buildings and procedures for the inspection of heating and airco systems.The paper introduces briefly the methods for the calculation of the energy needs for heating and cooling of buildings and the relation with the higher level standards.
An energy performance regulation has to consider not only energy, but -either explicitly or implicitly- also the relevant comfort aspects: indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting level, humidity level, temperatures (summer, winter) and hot tap water availability.
After all, the easiest way to minimize energy consumption is to switch off heating, ventilation, lighting, hot tap water, ...
What is the relation with the EPBD requirements on energy performance? Is there a potential conflict? Is there a need for additional minimum comfort requirements?
Login