A Compact Equipment for Survey of Air Renewal (CESAR) was developed at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland. Controlled by a microcomputer, this apparatus uses tracer gas methods ( decay, continuous flow or constant concentration). Up to ten different locations in inhabited rooms can be monitored simultaneously over extended periods of time, using mainly the "constant concentration" technique. Several air renewal surveys were carried out on different inhabited buildings.
The Linford project involved the design, construction and monitoring of 8 low energy houses in Milton Keynes. The houses were insulated to current Danish Regulation standards and incorporated several passive solar features. Seven occupied and
In this demonstration project the energy consumption, temperature and humidity curves, and occupancy behaviour are measured, registered and evaluated in 8flats with air infiltration and ventilation as stated in VDI 2088 in thecentre of a block. These are compared with the other 16 flats in the block. Results of the first tests are presented.
Summarizes the main results of the seminar: 1 interdisciplinary collaboration is necessary, 2 a direct and intensive publicity campaign is needed to influence occupant behaviour, 3 an air change rate between 0.5 and 1 per hour (in relation to the total volume of the living quarters) should comply with normal requirements, 4 a method for measuring the airtightness or air change rate for individual buildings should be developed ready for application, 5 mechanical ventilation offers the best solution, 6 there exists a need for simple ventilation fittings which can be installed in existing buil
Describes a procedure for the approximate determination of air infiltration for a single family house for given weather conditions. To carry out the calculation it is only necessary to measure the permeability of the building envelope using a blower door. The calculation procedure is so straightforward that it can be carried out on a programmable pocket calculator. Refers to a comparative study by the Air Infiltration Centre, which found that the calculation model described gave the best results of any single cell model for all the houses investigated.
To measure actual air infiltration in dwellings due to the house and inhabitants it is necessary to measure continuously for several days. This can be done by the constant concentration measuring method. The measurements show that in houses with a reasonably low air infiltration rate (0.2-0.5 h-1) theinhabitant has the major impact (up to 50-75%) on the total air infiltration rate. This must be taken into consideration when designing mechanical and natural ventilation systems.
Errors resulting from treating a house as an enclosure surrounding a single, well-mixed volume of air are explored in detail for a ranch house with abasement. A fairly typical ventilation pattern is assumed and three quantities, the air exchange rate, the indoor pollutant concentration from a given emission, and the energy required to heat infiltrating air, are calculated and compared using both the one and two zone models for this house.In general, the errors were around 10-20% if the basement was included in the one zone models and 30-40% if the basement was neglected.
Reduction in air leakage rates due to weatherization of homes can be determined by fan pressurization and tracer gas techniques, but only the latter gives the results under normal occupancy conditions. Assessment of such rates measured before and after weatherization must consider their dependence on wind speeds and inside-outside temperature differences.
The manufacturing procedures and performance of a building air infiltration kit consisting of miniature passive perfluorocarbon tracer permeation sources and passive adsorption tube samplers are described.
During a 12 month period, an experimental house (retrofitted, with an air to air heat exchanger) and a control house are being monitored for various infiltration, indoor air quality and energy use parameters.
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