Ventilation is essential for the maintenance of good indoor air quality, although there is evidence to suggest that energy loss through uncontrolled or unnecessary air infiltration is excessive. In this study, estimates are presented for air change (ventilation and infiltration) energy use in non-industrial buildings for 13 countries. Various methods are used for the estimates, but they are mainly based on calculating the total annual enthalpy change needed for the conditioning of air. The potential for reduced energy use by improved ventilation control is also briefly reviewed.
To remedy comfort problems in a 99,000 fi2 (9,200 m2) office building, the total airflow rate was reduced by 35%, and the total outside airflow was reduced by 86% in four multi-zone air-handling units that serve the office building. After the airflow reduction, the peak room relative humidity level was reduced from 70% to 55%, and cold and hot deck reset schedules were implemented. These improved operating practices reduced building energy consumption by 27%.
The paper reports on progress to date on the development of a model for predicting energy use and the effect of conservation strategies in non-domestic buildings in the tropic and subtropics. This model considers lighting loads (L), both artificial and daylight, thermal loads (T) and ventilation effects (V). It is hoped, that when completed in late 1998, the model will provide a Lighting, Thermal, and Ventilation (LTV) advocacy tool for use in the early stages of the design processes of engineers and architects. This will provide vital feedback to the early design decisions.
lsrael not unlike other Mediterranean country , experienced a housing construction boom in the 1950s and 1960s. Many projects from that period are currently undergoing renovation and refurbishment. This study reviewed the thermal characteristics of such projects and evaluated the current refurbishment practices vis-a- vis a combined effort including retrofit. Different solutions for a specific case study were evaluated.
The Tokyo Gas Kohoku NT Building, completed in March 1996, was built with the objective of achieving overall savings of energy and natural resources throughout the entire life cycle of the building, from construction to demolition. The building is expected to reduce primary energy consumption by 35% and lifecycle co2 emissions by 25%. This was combined with the positive use of natural energy sources and the introduction of a cogeneration system with an absorption chillerheater using waste heat as input for its generators.
The Energy Diagnostic System (EDS) automatically reviews the energy condition of a building and performs some simple diagnostics. The system contains a thermal model of the building that has been determined earlier in a learning period of approximately 90 days after the installation of the system. This model calculates the reference energy consumption. The energy condition is determined by comparing the measured energy consumption with this calculated energy consumption.
In the poorer countries of the world, where energy consumption per capita is lower than in the industrialized nations, the process of rapid urbanization is a strong feature of the dynamic of economic development. Population growth rates in cities are consistently higher than in the countryside, due both to higher natural increases and to net migration. Although the majority ·of Asia's population is still rural, this dominance is expected to shift sometime around the tum of the century.
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