The quality of indoor environment in dwellings is provided by physical properties of building constructions and by operation of HVAC-systems. From the point of view of comfort, energy and economy as well as HVAC-system are designed and operated to maintain an acceptable indoor climate, i.e. an acceptable air quality and thermal environment play the key role in dwellings.
About 100 office buildings in the Flanders and Brussels regions have been subject to a surveyof energy aspects and indoor climate parameters. Building characteristics and energy use havebeen mapped for all buildings; for 48 of them a database has been built containing buildingand room dimensions, materials used for the building shell, windows, glazing, solar shading,occupancy, equipment characteristics (heating, ventilation, cooling, lighting, office equipment.
A important part of educational buildings must be retrofitted in many European countries, in the next years, for historical and demographic reasons. These retrofittings must be carried out with a limitation of energy consumption and a better indoor comfort. In this context, Annex 36 of International Energy Agency aims at promoting energy efficient measurements of educational buildings in the retrofitting process. In the same time, in France, decision makers want to integrate high environmental quality comfort requirements.
The aim of this study was to define whether energy savings and comfortable conditions are achievable along with a reduction or even suppression of the mechanical cooling systems.Three different cooling systems (mechanical standard air conditioning, hybrid cooling, mechanical ventilation cooling) were simulated for a typical US office space under 40 different US climatic data, to calculate energy consumptions.
This paper describes a method for the determination of optimal indoor conditions, using three parameter indexes: PMV (predicted mean vote) for thermal comfort, CO2 concentration for indoor air quality and cooling/heating load for efficient use of energy. A performance index of the HVAC system is calculating by adding square errors between actual and desired values. It is then minimized to find optimal indoor air conditions.
That paper presents the results of a thermal comfort evaluation research in a brazilian office building : the measurements show that an underfloor air distribution system can provide comfortable conditions for both sitting and standing occupants along with a reduction of the energy consumption .
Proposed an alternative method to the LCA, the so-called Eco-Indicator, intended to tackle the total environmental impact on a number of different levels (e.g. materials, energy, waste, etc). It is based on a weighting method, and only a single score for the total environmental impact is calculated. It can be used to optimise heating and cooling systems.
Describes part of a global study on carbon dioxide emission associated with electricity consumption in Belgium. Two commercial buildings were the subject of a simulation. HVAC energy consumption and corresponding CO2 emission were calculated after an identification of the heating and cooling demands. It was found that they are strongly dependant on occupancy rates, and coexist throughout the year.
Evaluates simple methods for the prediction of energy consumption or fault detection as a result of old equipment in a commercial building in Lyon, France. The correlation between electricity consumption and external temperature was analysed.
In this paper, measurement and simulation results are presented that demonstrate the energy performance of a recently built ecological house in Helsinki, Finland. The space heating energy consumption was measured to be 76 kWh/(m 2 a) of which 29% was provided by wood. For comparison, Finnish houses typically consume 120 kWh/(m 2 a) or nearly 60% more energy for space heating. The total energy consumption (121 kWh/(m 2 a)) and electricity consumption (28 kWh/(m 2 a)) were quite low.
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