Develops a model apartment building based upon existing surveys of such buildings and computer simulations carried out to determine the independent effects of climate and size on its energy consumption. The Meriwether Energy System Analysis program used has previously been calibrated by simulating four existing buildings of known energy consumption. From these results, develops data which enables a norm to be derived from the energy consumption of any high rise apartment building at any location in Canada.
Energy consumption due to ventilation and air infiltration has been estimated to be 30-50% of the total energy use in Finnish high rise residential buildings. While natural ventilation was common in earlier buildings, central mechanical ventilation systems have become predominant during recent decades. Presents a typical energy balance in an apartment building. The heat loss due to ventilation and infiltration appears to be 0.5-0.7 ach.
Uses the building energy program DOE 2.1A with the objective of validating it for use with single-family dwellings. Carries out four studies, each with a different set of conditions. The first involves a single-story house with full basement, while the second involves a single-story house on a slab. Runsblower door tests to estimate infiltration. On a bimonthly basis, simulated heating energy differs from the measured value by up to 11%. The third study, using 75 similar houses with electrical resistance heating, shows an agreement of within 5% between simulated and actual measurements.
Investigates the energy performance of a two storey occupied gas heated house in Ontario Canada by means of steady state and dynamic analyses of measured data. Experimental results were obtained from a monitoring study done on an hourly basis.
To simulate time-dependent interior humidity, a moisture mass balance is applied to the control volume of the envelope of a residential structure. Moisture transport mechanisms incorporated include infiltration, cooling coil condensation, int
Describes the retrofitting of a 14-storey office block in Oslo, done as part of an energy conservation project carried out in Norway 1979-82. The main reduction in energy consumption was achieved by tightening air leaks between concrete wall elements and windows by the application of sealing compound in 2 critical types of joint in the facade. Measures the energy consumption one year before and one year after retrofitting, using thermography to find the air leaks and to verify the tightening afterwards. Also carries out pressurization tests using the building's ventilation system.
Describes two projects concerned with heat recovery in apartment buildings. Measures energy savings during normal operation when heat is recovered from exhaust air by a static flat-plate heat exchanger or by a heat pipe heat exchanger. Energy savings predicted during design stage are not achieved in practice because of inadequate system adjustment. Results show that energy savings can be calculated with good accuracy from individual measurements of temperature efficiency and supply air flow rates.
Writes for experts and non-experts on calculation methods for energy consumption in buildings. Gives a brief introduction to the physical and numerical bases used in this field. Presents the calculation methods investigated, selected to cover the simplest as well as the most complex methods in use. Describes calculation examples used for prediction of energy consumption and conservation. Analyses the calculation results and gives conclusions and recommendations. Concludes by covering work carried out on the influence of the inhabitants.
Describes a computer program developed for the analysis of residential building thermal loads and space heating and cooling energy use. It is capable of modelling the simultaneous heat balances on multiple spaces, building air flows by infiltration and natural and forced ventilation, including thermostatically controlled through the house ventilation, detailed solar gain, part load performance of central and unitary heating and cooling systems, and thermostat droop and cycling characteristics.
Examines and tests a number of commercial air-to-air heat exchangers to determine their performance as installed in each house. Results show that although some heat exchangers indicate a high performance level, there are many installation and operational faults. A number of recommendations are made on the selection, installation and operation of air-to-air heat exchangers in houses.
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