A Compact Equipment for Survey of Air Renewal (CESAR) was developed at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland. Controlled by a microcomputer, this apparatus uses tracer gas methods ( decay, continuous flow or constant concentration). Up to ten different locations in inhabited rooms can be monitored simultaneously over extended periods of time, using mainly the "constant concentration" technique. Several air renewal surveys were carried out on different inhabited buildings.
Knowledge of the air change in dwellings under conditions of use is a prerequisite for the calculation of energy consumption and for evaluation of a dwelling's indoor climate. Air change was measured in a total of 25 occupied dwellings over a
Measurements were carried out on the heating and airing habits of the occupants of several flats. 9 flats in a 6 storey building in Berlin, using various ventilation systems were studied. Two of the flats also had an air heating system.
In this demonstration project the energy consumption, temperature and humidity curves, and occupancy behaviour are measured, registered and evaluated in 8flats with air infiltration and ventilation as stated in VDI 2088 in thecentre of a block. These are compared with the other 16 flats in the block. Results of the first tests are presented.
Summarizes the main results of the seminar: 1 interdisciplinary collaboration is necessary, 2 a direct and intensive publicity campaign is needed to influence occupant behaviour, 3 an air change rate between 0.5 and 1 per hour (in relation to the total volume of the living quarters) should comply with normal requirements, 4 a method for measuring the airtightness or air change rate for individual buildings should be developed ready for application, 5 mechanical ventilation offers the best solution, 6 there exists a need for simple ventilation fittings which can be installed in existing buil
To measure actual air infiltration in dwellings due to the house and inhabitants it is necessary to measure continuously for several days. This can be done by the constant concentration measuring method. The measurements show that in houses with a reasonably low air infiltration rate (0.2-0.5 h-1) theinhabitant has the major impact (up to 50-75%) on the total air infiltration rate. This must be taken into consideration when designing mechanical and natural ventilation systems.
This paper presents the measurement technique and results of 23 one-week measurements of air change rate in occupied dwellings. The measurements conducted show that the occupants exert a very considerable influence on the total air change rate. The air change rate for occupied dwellings is, on average, 3-4 times greater than the rate in sealed dwellings (with air-escape valves, doors, windows and ventilation system closed). The measurements also reveal a trend towards a higher air change rate in mechanically ventilated dwellings than in naturally ventilated dwellings.
Ventilation heat losses have been investigated in an experimental low energy house with active and passive solar energy use and an auxiliary heater. A measuring method was developed and tested which gave the possibility of dispensing with long-duration tests in occupied dwellings. The heat losses are dependent on characteristic data of the room and the diminution of the room temperature with time. Measuring error is less than 10%.
Reviews literature on indoor air quality in housing, nature of contaminants and their sources, health effects, standards and guidelines, impact of air sealing on indoor air quality, sources of uncontrolled air leakage, airtightness and natural ventilation, airtightness of new and existing housing stock, air change in new and existing housing, impact of air sealing on airtightness and ventilation, indoor air quality in tight houses, impact of occupant behaviour on ventilation, measures to improve indoor air quality, identifying problem houses, indoor pollution control strategies, and ventila
This paper discusses the potential for achieving an "energy-efficient" ventilation system by improving design procedures for natural ventilation. It considers ventilation requirements and the meaning of the term energy-efficient ventilation. Both of these topics are of fundamental importance to any design procedure. Natural and mechanical ventilation systems are discussed. This is done because natural ventilation is often compared unfavourably with purpose-built mechanical systems. It is argued that such comparisons can be misleading, unless all aspects are considered.
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