Evaluates the intensity and acceptance of body odour as perceived by 89 male and female judges entering 2 auditoria occupied by 50-200 men. Performs 200 experiments with varied ventilation rate, space volume per occupant and temperature. Finds carbon dioxide to be a useful index of body odour intensity. Does not find any significant influence of space volume per occupant on steady-state ventilation requirements. Establishes a relationship between percentage dissatisfied and CO2 concentration.
Looks at ventilation requirements for both odour and physical acceptability and pays particular attention to the differences between smoking and non smoking occupancy in an environmental chamber. Results imply that under non smoking conditions and with moderate humidity, between 5 and 10 cfm of fresh air per occupant should satisfy 75% of visitors, but that under smoking conditions, many times as much fresh air is needed for both odour acceptability and compliance with customary criteria values for smoke.
Treats laboratory and field investigations indicating the danger to health of non-smokers of inhaling tobacco smoke (passive smoking),to the extent that measures to protect the passive smoker are recommended at 1.5 ppm of carbon monoxide concentration caused by smoking and deemed necessary from 2 ppm. Calculations show that in a state of equilibrium a fresh air supply of 33 m3 per hour and per cigarette smoked is needed to maintain the upper limit of 2 ppm carbon monoxide concentration caused by tobacco smoke.
Carries out measurements of indoor atmospheric environment in a day nursery and a kindergarten in Denmark, where natural air infiltration supplies the room with only 1-2 m3 fresh air per person and hour under the prescribed occupancy. Duplicates situation under controlled conditions in a climate chamber. Results indicate unacceptably high concentrations of carbon-dioxide, and show the need for more elaborate building design in airtight buildings.
Lists and explains the 10 rules to ensure correct domestic ventilation< 1. Ensuring the correct air supply< 2. Maintaining correct flow directions< 3. Maintaining stable ventilation conditions< 4. Avoiding discomfort zones< 5. Maximum use of window ventilation< 6. Matching the flow of air to the ventilation requirement< 7. Observing energy saving ventilation principles< 8. Considering smoke carryover in case of fire<9. Quiet operation<10. Ensuring low maintenance requirements for the system< Illustrates examples of ventilation practice in diagrams.
Uses mathematical models for formaldehyde concentrations in 3 normal rooms in a single family house to estimate ventilation rates needed to maintain the formaldehyde concentration below the Danish recommended indoor standard (0.15 mg/m*3). It appears that in an initial period after the house is finished, a ventilation rate more than 10 times the recommended Scandinavian value (0.5air changes/hr) is needed to keep the concentration below the indoor standard.
Outlines ventilation needs to show that odour dilution and moisture control are the major winter factors. Detailed studies on 24 well insulated houses show that window opening habits are clearly linked to outdoor temperature, more windows being opened in milder weather.< Shows from energy input analysis that space heating only provides a quarter of the total heat, the remainder coming from casual sources. Analysis of energy loss suggests that a third of the losses are attributable to ventilation, the remainder through the building fabric.
Traces the relationship between ventilation needs and methods and the growth of civilization. Describes the development of ventilation methods and assessment of air quality, especially since the Industrial Revolution. Questions whether currently accepted ventilation criteria are still valid, andsuggests that ventilation is only one of several means of ameliorating the internal environment.
Investigates what minimum fresh air supply per person is required to prevent unacceptable odour annoyance due to stale smells in offices and comparable buildings. The experiment is carried out in different buildings in rooms of varying size and occupancy density, with mechanical or natural ventilation. Determines the air supply to the room, the CO2 concentration, the number of lighted cigarettes, the odour concentration and the extent of odour annoyance to occupants.
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