40 female and 39 male judges have each evaluated the intensity and acceptance of body odour 29 times on entering an experimental auditorium occupied by 105 women. During the experiment, which lasted three hours and 50 minutes, the ventilation rate was varied while the air temperature was kept constant around 20-21 deg C. Carbon dioxide was measured continuously. No substantial difference was found in the ventilation rates required in spaces occupied by women and men. A ventilation rate around 8 l/s per person is required to satisfy 80% of people entering a space.
This paper describes the results of a study of the indoor climate at 11 Danish schools. The investigation shows how the pupils themselves experience the indoor climate and indicates, for example, the relationship between the volume of outdoor air supplied per pupil and the pupils' evaluation of the quality of the air in the classroom.
A major research endeavour has been initiated to establish the extent to which prevailing ventilation codes for American hospitals should be revised to achieve the dual purpose of improving the patient care environment and increasing the energy efficiency of health care institutions. Accomplishments during the first year of this study and the activities planned for continuing investigations are the subject of this presentation.
In addition to air quality problems encountered in other sealed buildings, both workers and patients in hospitals may be exposed to very special air contaminant problems. Levels and ranges of a variety of chemical pollutants measured in 16 h
ASHRAE's first ventilation standard, published in 1973, has been used in many building codes in the USA. The 1981 revision of this standard has been criticised for its approach to indoor air quality. A comparison of the '73 and '81 standard, currently underway, is expected to better explain the rationale and provide new support for controversial parts of the standard.
Notes that the information in the ASHRAE 'Fundamentals' volume on how much ventilation ought to be provided is based on work nearly 50 years old. Reports new work on permissible ventilation rates produced by H B Bouwman of the Dutch Research Institute for Environmental Hygiene of the Central Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO. The numerical purpose of the work was to find the rate of ventilation required to keep complaints from occupants of rooms about unacceptable smells to less than 5% or 1%.
Negative pressure inside a building may create adverse or dangerous conditions. Discusses when make-up air is necessary, how need is determined, and how much make-up, with examples.
The air infiltration associated with ventilation in buildings is recognized in ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. In the light of recent trends toward increasingly tight housing, which limits air infiltration for ventilation, dependence on this source of outside air is onepoint that must be carefully considered in the Revised Standard. Other points to be considered are ventilation efficiency, necessary dilution of particulates and other pollutants, and how changes in humidity, air temperature and local heating may alter pollution levels in buildings.
Ventilation standards in buildings are receiving increased attention because of energy conservation and indoor air quality. An important example of this is the current ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality." This standard contains two distinct procedures that can be used to set ventilation rates. The first is a prescriptive specification that mandates ventilation rates for particular building types. The second is a performance specification that uses target concentrations of indoor contaminants as the basis for deciding the adequacy of ventilation rates.
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