The paper presents a mathematical model, implemented in a general computer code, that can provide detailed information on velocity and temperature fields as well as pollutants concentrations prevailing in three-dimensional buildings of any geometrical complexity, for given external meteorological conditions. The model involves the partial differential equations governing flow and heat transfer in large enclosures containing heat sources. Turbulent flow is simulated and buoyancy effects are taken into account.
This paper reports the results of thermal comfort and indoor air quality measurements aboard aircraft from 43 flights on commercial airlines with a duration of more than 1 h. The measurements were performed continuously during the whole flight (from the departure gate to the arrival gate), and the parameters monitored were temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. The results were then compared with the ASHRAE Standards for the thermal comfort (ASHRAE Standard 55-92) and indoor air quality (ASHRAE Standard 62-89).
For a large-scale building complex planned to be built in urban area, airflow around buildings and airflow inside a ventilated atrium of the building complex were estimated by CFO (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation, and wind and thermal environment were evaluated. The accuracy of CFO simulation was assessed by comparison with wind tunnel experiment. It was found that CFO tends to underestimate the air velocity near the ground surface compared with the results of wind tunnel experiment.
Comprehensive air velocity measurements were carried out above a thermal manikin to find the velocity distribution in the plume above the head. The thermal manikin was either standing or sitting in a climate room (6 x 8 x 4.6 m) in quiet, isothermal surroundings. The air velocities in the plume were measured at different heights above the top of the head. The manikin's heat effect was varied within a wide range. The measurements were made with both a breathing and a non-breathing manikin.
To remedy comfort problems in a 99,000 fi2 (9,200 m2) office building, the total airflow rate was reduced by 35%, and the total outside airflow was reduced by 86% in four multi-zone air-handling units that serve the office building. After the airflow reduction, the peak room relative humidity level was reduced from 70% to 55%, and cold and hot deck reset schedules were implemented. These improved operating practices reduced building energy consumption by 27%.
This paper gives an account of a project to test the effectiveness of simple passive strategies to improve thermal comfort in Government Primary Schools in Pakistan .. Changes for improved thermal performance were carried out on five schools which were monitored both before and after modification. Schools are simple and minimally serviced. Improvements were controlled (as far as possible) to one strategy per classroom to make evaluation as straightforward as possible. An effectiveness score for a range of options has been developed.
Thermal comfort in transitional spaces of buildings is established from a field study conducted in the cool season of Bangkok, Thailand. IL involved 302 indoor subjects occupying either air-conditioned or naturally ventilated environments and 291 outdoor subjects who were leaving the indoors. The data were analysed by using a calculating method, "Griffiths" values, giving neutral temperatures, and a quadratic regression for thermal acceptability.
The Canning Crescent Centre was monitored as part of the European NatVent™ project to provide a case study of the performance of a naturally ventilated building located in an urban area. It was chosen for investigation because it incorporates a specially designed natural ventilation strategy as a result of its location on a polluted high street in London where external air and noise pollution levels are perceived to be high.
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