English

At present, there are many design and investigatory methods(often supported by computer programs)that take account of the reaction of the building and its heating and cooling systems to outdoor conditions as they vary with time. This makes it desirable to have some agreed sample of weather to allow contrast and comparison between various methods
for predicting building and system behaviour, and between individual design cases to be on a common basis.
The proposals below although evolved from work in the authors' establishments have been discussed more widely and

Reviews factors affecting indoor air quality, including the effect of mildew, high concentrations of microorganisms, radon, light air ions and chemical pollutants(especially formaldehyde). These are mentioned especially inconjunction with airtight residential buildings in Sweden. Current building standards in Sweden concerning materials, airtightness, air quality and energy conservation are also reviewed, along with areas of current and proposed research in air quality.

Considers the options which could be described as heat recovery and which are open to building services designers and operators. Treats fundementals for heat recovery, inadvertent heat recovery, deliberate heat recovery, air recirculation, passive heat exchangers, active heat exchangers, heat pump systems, heat recovery systems, incremental systems, heat distribution in central plant heat recovery systems, controls, heat recovery in air conditioning systems, bivalent heating, the actual application process of heat recovery.

The use of sealants and gaskets are often recommended as an effective energy saving measure. However, the energy saved depends on the function of building and ventilation as a total system. This paper describes the effect of sealing the outer walls in residential buildings with natural and exhaust ventilation respectively. With natural ventilation, making the walls twice as tight reduces the air exchange by half, whereas with exhaust ventilation the reduction in air exchange is very small.

As insulation standards improve, heat loss by ventilation becomes a larger proportion of the total heat loss from a building. Ventilation control is therefore necessary to minimize heating energy consumption in houses. States that while passive systems and those requiring occupant participation maygive satisfactory results, only a mechanical system can provide predictable ventilation routes and rates at all times. An extract only system has low initial cost, but it is difficult to ensure fresh air ventilation throughout the rooms of the house.

Studies indoor air pollution (and its effect on health) arising from gas cooking. 6-11 year olds from selected primary schools were studied annually from 1973-1977 to see if there was any association between gas cookers in the home and respiration illness.

Briefly reviews ventilation requirements, types of ventilation , driving mechanisms for natural ventilation and infiltration, natural ventilation, infiltration and air leakage, air leakage sources, empirical models and infiltration measurement.

Reviews nature of air flow conditions, meteorology affecting building air flow, wind effects on systems operation, and physical modelling and full- scale measurements.

Demonstrates a simplified energy calculation procedure (suitable for a handheld calculator) developed for the evaluation of home retrofitting with respect to energy conservation. 

Measurements have been made of infiltration rates and air leakage characteristics of the building envelope in 38 dwellings all built within the last 20 years and covering a range of construction types. Conventional tracer gas techniques were used (employing nitrous oxide as the tracer) to determine air infiltration rates. Overall leakage characteristics were measured under pressurization using a fan. Some correlation was found between the overall leakage characteristic and the actual infiltration performance of a dwelling.