English

Indoor NO2 concentrations were measured in the kitchen, the living room and bedroom of 612 houses in two different areas in the Netherlands. In asub-sample, personal exposure of the housewives to NO2 was measured. NO2concentrations indoors depended on the presence or absence of (un)vented gas appliances. Personal NO2 exposure was only different between the two areas in the group with the lowest indoor concentrations. It was concluded that with respect to NO2 exposure it is impossible to categorize groups without accounting for gas appliances inside the house.

Describes use of water tanks to simulate two- and three-dimensional natural ventilation air flows through open doors and windows. Density differences are produced by dissolved salt. The technique is inexpensive and visualisation of flows through complicated patterns of doors and passageways, and even separate floors can be easily set up.

Describes the principal causes of condensation in dwellings in the UK. Monitoring the existing environmental conditions within a building, plus a structural and tenant survey, is required to determine the correct cure. Theinstrumentation and techniques are listed, and some solutions are suggested.

Describes evaluation of two integrated heating and ventilating systems, one a modified warm air system and the other a modified mechanical ventilation system. From the technical viewpoint the systems were found to be efficient. However it remains to be seen whether mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery including flue heat recovery can be justified in economic terms.

Describes construction of two townhouses taking into consideration several technical issues: 1) limiting of indoor sources of contamination, 2) limiting contaminants off-gassed from construction materials, 3) limiting entry of exterior contaminants, 4) control of occupant generated contaminants by mechanical and by natural ventilation, and 5) control of indoor humidity The units are to be monitored over the next two years.

Reviews ways of reducing energy loss due to infiltration while maintaining air quality. Results from existing houses are presented. Describes a method to reduce the average air flow coefficients of the envelope to minimum required values and to determine the heat criteria of various ventilation systems.

Computer programs INFILS and ACFES2/R have been developed for the analysis of industrial buildings' heating loads and energy consumption relating to air infiltration. The heat demand computation results for typical hall structures are presented. It is shown that on windy days with low outside temperatures, total heat losses rose to 180% of basic heat losses. The necessity of developing proper methods for designing, building and testing elements of industrial buildings is emphasized.

This paper reports on measurements of air change rate in dwellings during occupancy. The occupants were shown to exert a considerable influence on the total air change. The air change rate for occupied dwellings is, on average, 3-4 times greater than the air change rate in sealed dwellings (with air escape valves, doors, windows, and ventilation system closed). The measurements also reveal a tendency for higher air change rates in mechanically ventilated dwellings than in naturally ventilated dwellings.

The interaction of air leakage and transmission heat through a double frame window makes the overall heat loss less than the sum of them acting separately. Theoretical calculation shows that in the case of infiltration, a double frame window may recover 21% to 32% of air leakage heat loss, and exfiltrated air through a double frame window not only loses no energy but, on the contrary, reduces the energy consumption of heat transmission, covering 23% to 36% of the enthalpy drop of exfiltrated air before and after leakage. Experimental data and field test agreed well with these results.

This paper discusses the advantages of utilizing air flow windows in hot climates and the technical and functional aspects of engineering air flow window systems into the buildings. Air flow windows offer several advantages to building owners such as maximum space comfort, more usable floor space, energy and monetary savings and possibilities to use daylighting in the optimal way. Additionally air flow windows seem to be easily combined with all commonly used air conditioning systems.